Nutrient signaling: the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
mTOR is a central regulator of cell growth by integrating signals from nutrients, growth factors and energy status. mTOR assembles into two multi-protein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which have distinctive structural and functional features. The rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 is responsible for control of cell growth and protein synthesis, whereas the mTORC2 controls actin cytoskeleton and cell spreading. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling has been implicated in a variety of diseases, such as cancer and metabolic disorders.